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The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India , as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan . [ 1 ]
The Indus script, also known as the Harappan script and the Indus Valley script, is a corpus of symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation.Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, making it difficult to judge whether or not they constituted a writing system used to record a Harappan language, any of which are yet to be identified. [3]
Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation. [1] [2] While the Indus Valley Civilisation was divided into Early, Mature, and Late Harappan by archaeologists like Mortimer Wheeler, [3] newer periodisations include the Neolithic early farming settlements, and use a stage–phase model, [1] [4] [3] often combining terminology from various systems.
The civilization's mature phase lasted from 2600 BC to 2000 BC. This is when the great cities were at their height. Then, from around 2000 BC, there was a steady disintegration that lasted till 1400 BC – what is usually called Late Harappan. [12] There is no sign that the Harappan cities were laid waste by invaders.
Indus Valley Civilisation Alternative names Harappan civilisation ancient Indus Indus civilisation Geographical range Basins of the Indus river, Pakistan and the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river, eastern Pakistan and northwestern India Period Bronze Age South Asia Dates c. 3300 – c. 1300 BCE Type site Harappa Major sites Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi Preceded by Mehrgarh ...
Rakhigarhi or Rakhi Garhi is a village and an archaeological site in the Hisar District of the northern Indian state of Haryana, situated about 150 km northwest of Delhi.It is located in the Ghaggar River plain, [1] some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river, and belonged to the Indus Valley civilisation, being part of the pre-Harappan (7000-3300 BCE), early Harappan (3300-2600 BCE), and the ...
Harappan architecture is the architecture of the Bronze Age [1] Indus Valley civilization, an ancient society of people who lived during c. 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in the Indus Valley of modern-day Pakistan and India.
[16] [10] [9] According to the Archaeological Survey of India, the excavation has revealed the remains of the Harappan culture right from its nascent stage, i.e., Hakra Wares Culture (antedating the Known Early Harappan Culture in the subcontinent, also known as Kalibangan-I.) to a full-fledged Mature Harappan city.