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An implicit bias or implicit stereotype is the pre-reflective attribution of particular qualities by an individual to a member of some social out group. [1]Implicit stereotypes are thought to be shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. [2]
Stereotype bias or stereotypical bias Memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g., racial or gender). Suffix effect: Diminishment of the recency effect because a sound item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall. [179] [180] A form of serial position effect. Cf. recency effect and primacy effect. Subadditivity effect
Initial responses were racially biased but research shows that extensive practice with race being unrelated to the task at hand worked to eliminate racial bias. [11] As counter-stereotypical information is aggregated from multiple sources, it may force a change in the stereotype decreasing its strength or negating it entirely. [7]
An example of this can be seen with the over-portrayal of African-Americans as criminals in American media: the psychological literature shows that through media reinforcement of a criminal stereotype, consumers of this content evaluate African-Americans as more dangerous than other groups even in ambiguous situations. [3]
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [139]
Early stereotype research, exemplified by the work of Gordon Allport (1954), concentrated on negative stereotypes within a binary in-group/out-group model. [15] In contrast to prior "us" vs. "them" approaches, the SCM's 2x2 framework created new room for mixed out-group orientations i.e. groups stereotyped to be low warmth/high competence and ...
Decreased performance is the most recognized consequence of stereotype threat. However, research has also shown that stereotype threat can cause individuals to blame themselves for perceived failures, [66] self-handicap, [2] discount the value and validity of performance tasks, [67] distance themselves from negatively stereotyped groups, [68 ...
Empirical research suggests the following factors to influence the decision to shoot: Implicit racial bias, prejudice, and stereotypes [27] Status armed/unarmed [2] Whether or not the police officer was threatened or attacked [18] Gender (men are more likely to be shot) [28] County [2] Income and status of the neighbourhood [29] [30]