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In HTML and XML, a numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Coded Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format: &#xhhhh;. or &#nnnn; where the x must be lowercase in XML documents, hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form, and nnnn is the code point in decimal form.
Unnecessary use of HTML character references may significantly reduce HTML readability. If the character encoding for a web page is chosen appropriately, then HTML character references are usually only required for markup delimiting characters as mentioned above, and for a few special characters (or none at all if a native Unicode encoding like ...
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset ...
In the first example, without an LRM control character, a web browser will render the ++ on the left of the "C" because the browser recognizes that the paragraph is in a right-to-left text and applies punctuation, which is neutral as to its direction, according to the direction of the adjacent text. The LRM control character causes the ...
Punched tape with the word "Wikipedia" encoded in ASCII.Presence and absence of a hole represents 1 and 0, respectively; for example, W is encoded as 1010111.. Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using computers. [1]
Encoding input or escaping dangerous characters. For instance, in PHP, using the htmlspecialchars() function to escape special characters for safe output of text in HTML and the mysqli::real_escape_string() function to isolate data which will be included in an SQL request can protect against SQL injection.
Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake], 'character transformation') is the garbled or gibberish text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding. [1] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system.
As expressed by the html-polyglot recommendation, [9] to write a polyglot HTML5 document, the following key points should be observed: Processing instructions and the XML declaration are both forbidden in polyglot markup; Specifying a document’s character encoding; The DOCTYPE; Namespaces; Element syntax (i.e. End tags are not optional.