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The price-to-book ratio (P/B) is a commonly used benchmark comparing market value to the accounting book value of the firm's assets. The price/sales ratio and EV/sales ratios measure value relative to sales. These multiples must be used with caution as both sales and book values are less likely to be value drivers than earnings.
It was proposed by investor and professor of Columbia University, Benjamin Graham - often referred to as the "father of value investing". [ 1 ] Published in his book, The Intelligent Investor , Graham devised the formula for lay investors to help them with valuing growth stocks, in vogue at the time of the formula's publication.
Using the residual income approach, the value of a company's stock can be calculated as the sum of its book value today (i.e. at time ) and the present value of its expected future residual income, discounted at the cost of equity, , resulting in the general formula:
Put another way, a stock priced below the Graham Number would be considered a good value, if it also meets a number of other criteria. The Number represents the geometric mean of the maximum that one would pay based on earnings and based on book value. Graham writes: [2] Current price should not be more than 1 1 ⁄ 2 times the book value last ...
Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks.The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the ...
Common terms for the value of an asset or liability are market value, fair value, and intrinsic value.The meanings of these terms differ. For instance, when an analyst believes a stock's intrinsic value is greater (or less) than its market price, an analyst makes a "buy" (or "sell") recommendation.
Business valuation is a process and a set of procedures used to estimate the economic value of an owner's interest in a business.Here various valuation techniques are used by financial market participants to determine the price they are willing to pay or receive to effect a sale of the business.
Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies is a textbook on valuation, corporate finance, and investment management by McKinsey & Company. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The book was initially published in 1990 and is now available in its sixth edition.