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The Good–Toulmin (GT) estimator was developed by Good and Toulmin in 1953. [4] The estimate of the unseen species based on the Good–Toulmin estimator is given by U GT ≜ U GT ( X n , t ) ≜ − ∑ i = 1 ∞ ( − t ) i φ i . {\displaystyle U^{\text{GT}}\triangleq U^{\text{GT}}(X^{n},t)\triangleq -\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }(-t)^{i}\varphi _{i}.}
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (/ ˈ t uː l m ɪ n /; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein , Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning .
The method even gained some literary fame due to the Robert Harris novel Enigma. In the 1990s, Geoffrey Sampson worked with William A. Gale of AT&T to create and implement a simplified and easier-to-use variant of the Good–Turing method [ 3 ] [ 4 ] described below.
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The diagram will always take the form of a tree structure in Araucaria. The user has the choice of translating the argument into standard diagram, Toulmin diagram or Wigmore diagram, Araucaria 3.1 being the first software to integrate the latter ontology and to address the translation issues between the different diagrams. [2]
Toulmin argumentation framework example. As demonstrated in Toulmin’s argumentation framework, the grounds of an assumption require warrant and backing to legitimize the claim and prove the soundness of the conclusion. The framework involves a claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing. The initial claim of an argument is the ...
Examples include—ORRESU, --ORNRHI, and—ORNRLO, all of which are variable qualifiers of—ORRES, and—DOSU and—DOSFRM, all of which are variable qualifiers of—DOSE. For example, in the observation, 'Subject 101 had mild nausea starting on Study Day 6,' the Topic variable value is the term for the adverse event, 'NAUSEA'.
Bound and free variable occurrences are colored in red and green, respectively. An interpretation for first-order predicate calculus assumes as given a domain of individuals X. A formula A whose free variables are x 1, ..., x n is interpreted as a Boolean-valued function F(v 1, ..., v n) of n arguments, where each argument ranges over the domain X.