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Nuclear criticality safety is a field of nuclear engineering dedicated to the prevention of nuclear and radiation accidents resulting from an inadvertent, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. [1] Nuclear criticality safety is concerned with mitigating the consequences of a nuclear criticality accident.
Average wages can differ from median wages; for example, the Social Security Administration estimated that the 2020 average wage in the United States was $53,383, while the 2020 median wage was $34,612. [1]
In the past there was also a military component, and South Africa previously possessed nuclear weapons, which were subsequently dismantled. In the post-apartheid period, South Africa agreed to cooperate closely with the Russian state nuclear power company Rosatom on the development of new nuclear power plants in South Africa. One project was to ...
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station South Africa is the only country in Africa with a commercial nuclear power plant. Two reactors located at the Koeberg nuclear power station account for around 5% of South Africa's electricity production. Spent fuel is disposed of at Vaalputs Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility in the Northern Cape. The SAFARI-1 tank in pool research reactor is located at the ...
South Africa's nuclear industry has seen opposition, chiefly from environmentalists concerned about safety issues such as radioactive waste, and anti-war activists concerned about nuclear proliferation and use of atomic weapons. Current campaigns against nuclear energy are being run by Earthlife Africa and Koeberg Alert. [26] [27] [28]
The National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) of South Africa is responsible for the regulatory framework that protects people, property and the environment from any damaging effects of ionizing radiation or radioactive material. [1]
Israel, which is widely known to have developed nuclear weapons (likely first tested in the 1960s or 1970s) but has not openly declared its capability; South Africa, which also had enrichment capabilities and developed nuclear weapons (possibly tested in 1979), but disassembled its arsenal and joined the NPT in 1991
Nuclear reactors can be susceptible to prompt-criticality accidents if a large increase in reactivity (or k-effective) occurs, e.g., following failure of their control and safety systems. The rapid uncontrollable increase in reactor power in prompt-critical conditions is likely to irreparably damage the reactor and in extreme cases, may breach ...