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Estrogens are the major sex hormones in women, and are responsible for the development and maintenance of feminine secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, wide hips, and a feminine pattern of fat distribution. [ 4 ] Estrogens act by binding to and activating the estrogen receptor (ER), their biological target in the body. [ 14 ]
Human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes have been identified in 14 female infertility associated genes. [53] A major cause of female infertility is premature ovarian insufficiency. [54] This insufficiency is a heterogeneous disease that affects about 1% of women who are under the age of 40. [54]
Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or transgender hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity.
Female fertility agents are medications that improve female’s ability to conceive pregnancy. These agents are prescribed for infertile female who fails to conceive pregnancy after 1-year of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. [ 1] The following will cover the advancements of female fertility agents, major causes of female infertility.
Common in males: low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology. Frequency. 113 million (2015) [1] Infertility is the inability of an animal or plant to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult, except notably among certain eusocial species (mostly haplodiploid insects).
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), is due to problems with either the hypothalamus or pituitary gland affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis). [1] Hypothalamic disorders result from a deficiency in the release of gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH), while pituitary gland disorders are due to a deficiency in the release ...
Trans men in particular may freeze their eggs before transitioning and choose to have a female surrogate carry their child while when the time comes, using their eggs and someone else's sperm. This allows them to avoid the potentially dysphoria-triggering experience of pregnancy, or cessation of HRT for collecting eggs at an older age. [7]
Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine concerning the male and female reproductive systems. It encompasses a variety of reproductive conditions, their prevention and assessment, as well as their subsequent treatment and prognosis. Reproductive medicine has allowed the development of artificial reproductive techniques (ARTs) which have ...