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'Cleopatra father-loving goddess'; [note 4] 70/69 BC – 10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. [ note 5 ] A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty , she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter , a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great .
Cleopatra Thea Epiphanes Syra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα ἡ Σύρα; c. 204 – 176 BC), well known as Cleopatra I or Cleopatra Syra, was a princess of the Seleucid Empire, Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt by marriage to Ptolemy V of Egypt from 193 BC, and regent of Egypt during the minority of their son, Ptolemy VI, from her husband's death in 180 BC until her own death in 176 BC.
Roman interventionism in Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra VII; [46] [47] [48] the Romans had long desired to annex the wealthy kingdom. [49] In 168 BC, after the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV invaded Ptolemaic Egypt, he obeyed the demands of the Roman Senate to withdraw and return to Seleucid territory instead of warring with the Roman Republic.
She was sole ruler of Egypt from 131 BC to 127 BC. Her final reign from 124 BC to 116/5 BC was also spent in coregency with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. She was the first Ptolemaic queen known for certain to rule in her own right, and thus first confirmed female Pharaoh of Egypt since Tausret's reign during New Kingdom period.
First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Interest and trade with Egypt's North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer's reign. [36] 41 years, c. 3000 BC [38] Djet [39] Ita Greek form: Ouenephes. Indications show that Djet did not reign for long. [40] 10 years, c. 2980 BC [41] Merneith — Possibly the first female pharaoh ...
Most Queens included on this page did not rule as Pharaohs. However, some did rule in their own right following the deaths of their husbands. Four Queens from the Native Egyptian dynasties are known for certain to have ruled as Female Pharaohs: Sobekneferu (c. 1806–1802 BC) (Possibly wife of Amenemhat IV)
The reign of Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt began with the death of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, by March 51 BC.It ended with her suicide in August 30 BC, [note 1] which also marked the conclusion of the Hellenistic period and the annexation of Egypt into a Roman province.
' dainty ') or Cleopatra Tryphaena II (died c. 57 BC) was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who ruled alongside Berenice IV, who was either her sister or daughter. Although called Cleopatra VI Tryphaena by some modern historians, she may be identical with Cleopatra V , the known mother of Berenice IV and wife of pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes . [ 2 ]