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The left atrial appendage is a pouch-like structure located in the upper part of the left atrium. [1] Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an alternative therapy to oral anticoagulation in a certain subset of patients with atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is characterized by an irregular and uncoordinated pumping function of the atria.
LAE is suggested by an electrocardiogram (ECG) that has a pronounced notch in the P wave. [7] However, if atrial fibrillation is present, a P wave would not be present. [8] In any case, LAE can be diagnosed and measured using an echocardiogram (ECHO) by measuring the left atrial volume (LAVI).
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. [3] [12] It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. [14] Atrial fibrillation frequently results from bursts of tachycardia that originate in muscle bundles extending from the atrium to the pulmonary veins. [15]
With Atrial fibrillation, or A-fib or AF, signals move around the atria in a completely disorganized way that tends to override the sinus node. Instead of a one big contraction then, you get all these mini contractions that make it just look like the atria are just quivering.
In atrial fibrillation, [13] the left atrial appendage fibrillates rather than contracts resulting in blood stasis that predisposes to the formation of blood clots. [9] Because of consequent stroke risk, surgeons may choose to close it during open-heart surgery, using a left atrial appendage occlusion procedure. [18]
If the baseline has a totally irregular form, this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter. With either of these rhythms, if the ventricular rate is fast, the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves.
These tests suggest the diagnosis of MR and may indicate to the physician that further testing is warranted. For instance, the electrocardiogram (ECG) in long-standing MR may show evidence of left atrial enlargement and left ventricular dilatation. Atrial fibrillation may also be noted on the ECG in individuals with chronic mitral regurgitation ...
Anticoagulants: To prevent embolization.. Beta blockers: To block the effects of certain hormones on the heart to slow the heart rate.. Calcium Channel Blockers: Help slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles).
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