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These two images are later used together to create a 3D image. In this way the image can be analysed giving better information about surface characteristics of the retina. [19] Fundus photography in animals: Fundus photography is a useful tool utilised for veterinary research, veterinary ophthalmology, as well as education. [20]
A fundus photo, showing the optic disc as a bright area on the right where blood vessels converge. The spot to the left of the centre is the macula.The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact.
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Baseline color and black and white red-free filtered images are taken prior to injection. The black and white images are filtered red-free (a green filter) to increase contrast and often gives a better image of the fundus than the color image. A 6-second bolus injection of 2-5 cc of sodium fluorescein into a vein in the arm or hand
System: Eye and visual system: Significant diseases: Cataract, retinal disease (including diabetic retinopathy and other types of retinopathy), glaucoma, corneal disease, eyelid and orbital disorders, uveitis, strabismus and disorders of the ocular muscles, ocular neoplasms (malignancies, or cancers, and benign eye tumors), neuro-ophthalmologic disorders (including disorders of the optic nerve)
The brightness of the Purkinje images can be determined using Fresnel's equation: = (′) / (′ +), where and ′ are the refractive indices before and after the reflecting surface. Purkinje image P1 is the brightest of the four, then P3 and P4 (P3 and P4 have about the same brightness), then P2.
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy developed as a method to view a distinct layer of the living eye at the microscopic level. The use of confocal methods to diminish extra light by focusing detected light through a small pinhole made possible the imaging of individual layers of the retina with greater distinction than ever before. [4]
[18] [19] This has allowed OCTA to obtain detailed images of retinal vasculature in the human retina [20] and become widely used clinically to diagnose a variety of eye diseases, such as age related macular degeneration (AMD), [21] diabetic retinopathy (DR), [22] [23] artery and vein occlusions, and glaucoma.