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The total energy in the space occupied by the system includes a component arising from the energy of a magnetic field in a vacuum. This component equals U v a c u u m = B e 2 V 2 μ 0 {\displaystyle U_{vacuum}={\frac {B_{e}^{2}V}{2\mu _{0}}}} , where μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the permeability of free space , and isn't included as a part ...
With the appropriate choice of the imaginary current densities, the fields inside the surface or outside the surface can be deduced from the imaginary currents. [4] In a radiation problem with given current density sources, electric current density J 1 {\displaystyle J_{1}} and magnetic current density M 1 {\displaystyle M_{1}} , the tangential ...
where is the total angular momentum quantum number, and is the g-factor (such that = is the magnetic moment). For a two-level system with magnetic moment , the formula reduces to =, as above, while the corresponding expressions in Gaussian units are = (+), =.
Magnetic current density, which has the unit V/m 2 (volt per square meter), is usually represented by the symbols and . [a] The superscripts indicate total and impressed magnetic current density. [1] The impressed currents are the energy sources. In many useful cases, a distribution of electric charge can be mathematically replaced by an ...
The Anderson impurity model, named after Philip Warren Anderson, is a Hamiltonian that is used to describe magnetic impurities embedded in metals. [1] It is often applied to the description of Kondo effect-type problems, [2] such as heavy fermion systems [3] and Kondo insulators [citation needed].
Breakdown of ideal MHD (in the form of magnetic reconnection) is known to be the likely cause of solar flares. The magnetic field in a solar active region over a sunspot can store energy that is released suddenly as a burst of motion, X-rays, and radiation when the main current sheet collapses, reconnecting the field. [31] [32]
In this experiment, a static magnetic field runs through a long magnetic wire (e.g., an iron wire magnetized longitudinally). Outside of this wire the magnetic induction is zero, in contrast to the vector potential, which essentially depends on the magnetic flux through the cross-section of the wire and does not vanish outside.
The RKKY interaction is a long-range interaction between magnetic moments in a metal. The energy oscillates with distance, decaying as r − 3 {\displaystyle r^{-3}} . The oscillations are caused by the interaction of the magnetic moments with the conduction electrons in the metal.