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Non-circular cross-sections always have warping deformations that require numerical methods to allow for the exact calculation of the torsion constant. [ 2 ] The torsional stiffness of beams with non-circular cross sections is significantly increased if the warping of the end sections is restrained by, for example, stiff end blocks.
The second moment of area, also known as area moment of inertia, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with respect to an arbitrary axis. The unit of dimension of the second moment of area is length to fourth power, L 4, and should not be confused with the mass moment of inertia.
In solid mechanics and structural engineering, section modulus is a geometric property of a given cross-section used in the design of beams or flexural members.Other geometric properties used in design include: area for tension and shear, radius of gyration for compression, and second moment of area and polar second moment of area for stiffness.
, second moment of area of the cross section of the column (area moment of inertia),, unsupported length of column,, column effective length factor; This formula was derived in 1744 by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. [2] The column will remain straight for loads less than the critical load.
An arbitrary shape. ρ is the distance to the element dA, with projections x and y on the x and y axes.. The second moment of area for an arbitrary shape R with respect to an arbitrary axis ′ (′ axis is not drawn in the adjacent image; is an axis coplanar with x and y axes and is perpendicular to the line segment) is defined as ′ = where
Shape Figure ¯ ¯ Area rectangle area: General triangular area + + [1] Isosceles-triangular area: Right-triangular area: Circular area: Quarter-circular area [2]: Semicircular area [3]: Circular sector
This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin (but rigid) wire. This is also a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the end of the plate, with h = L and w = 0. Thin circular loop of radius r and mass m.. = = =
is the cross section area. is the elastic modulus. is the shear modulus. is the second moment of area., called the Timoshenko shear coefficient, depends on the geometry. Normally, = / for a rectangular section.