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Most frequent are symptoms due to conjunctival or corneal irritation: burning, photophobia, tearing, pain, and a gritty or sandy sensation. [4] Protruding eyeballs (known as proptosis and exophthalmos). Diplopia (double vision) is common. [4] Limitation of eye movement (due to impairment of eye muscle function).
In mild disease, patients present with eyelid retraction. In fact, upper eyelid retraction is the most common ocular sign of Graves' orbitopathy. This finding is associated with lid lag on infraduction (Von Graefe's sign), eye globe lag on supraduction (Kocher's sign), a widened palpebral fissure during fixation (Dalrymple's sign) and an incapacity of closing the eyelids completely ...
Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain.
Parinaud's syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction, characterized by: Paralysis of upwards gaze: Downward gaze is usually preserved. This vertical palsy is supranuclear , so doll's head maneuver should elevate the eyes, but eventually all upward gaze mechanisms fail.
Class 1: Only signs (limited to upper lid retraction and stare, with or without lid lag) Class 2: Soft tissue involvement (oedema of conjunctivae and lids, conjunctival injection, etc.) Class 3: Proptosis; Class 4: Extraocular muscle involvement (usually with diplopia) Class 5: Corneal involvement (primarily due to lagophthalmos)
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It is a dynamic sign, whereas lid lag is a static sign which may also be present in cicatricial eyelid retraction or congenital ptosis. A pseudo Graefe's sign (pseudo lid lag) shows a similar lag, but is due to aberrant regeneration of fibres of the oculomotor nerve (III) into the elevator of the upper lid. [2] It occurs in paramyotonia ...
hip and knee fully flexed, extension of knee elicits pain and/or opisthotonus Kocher's sign: Emil Theodor Kocher: ophthalmology, endocrinology: Hyperthyroidism, Basedow's disease, In fixation on a fast upwards movement there occurs a convulsive retraction of the eyelid Koebner's phenomenon: Heinrich Koebner: dermatology: various conditions ...