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Enolase is a member of the large enolase superfamily.It has a molecular weight of 82,000–100,000 daltons depending on the isoform. [3] [4] In human alpha enolase, the two subunits are antiparallel in orientation so that Glu 20 of one subunit forms an ionic bond with Arg 414 of the other subunit. [3]
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). [1]
For example, in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of glycolysis, accumulation phosphoenol is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase into pyruvate. Alanine is an amino acid which is synthesized from pyruvate also inhibits the enzyme pyruvate kinase during glycolysis. Alanine is a non-competitive inhibitor, therefore it binds away from the active site to the ...
Because cancer cells utilize increased glycolysis, and because NAD enhances glycolysis, iNAMPT is often amplified in cancer cells. [33] [34] APO866 is an experimental drug that inhibits this enzyme. [35] It is being tested for treatment of advanced melanoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTL), and refractory or relapsed B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
A new study explains how mitochondria act as “reservoirs” to store NAD for cells to use, which could help scientists come up with NAD-boosting therapies to combat aging and age-related diseases.
PKA phosphorylates the PFK-2/FBPase-2 enzyme at an NH 2-terminal Ser residue with ATP to activate the FBPase-2 activity and inhibit the PFK-2 activity of the enzyme, thus reducing levels of Fru-2,6-P 2 in the cell. With decreasing amounts of Fru-2,6-P 2, glycolysis becomes inhibited while gluconeogenesis is activated.
While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). The reactions of the pathway were elucidated in the early 1950s by Bernard Horecker and co-workers. [2] [3] There are two distinct phases in the pathway.
n/a Ensembl n/a n/a UniProt n a n/a RefSeq (mRNA) n/a n/a RefSeq (protein) n/a n/a Location (UCSC) n/a n/a PubMed search n/a n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication ...