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See IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature A One-Letter Notation for Amino Acid Sequences The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 243, No. 13, pp. 3557-3559, 10 July 1968. : The possibility of using one-letter symbols was mentioned by Gamow and Ycas (2) in 1958. The idea was systematized by Šorm et al. (3) in 1961. It was used by ...
$\begingroup$ In my limited experience, three-letter-codes are used for all applications except for amino acid sequences which tend to use one-letter-codes to save space. $\endgroup$ – Jan Commented Sep 20, 2017 at 2:00
In the class which I call metalloids, I shall employ the initial letter only, even when this letter is common to the metalloid and some metal. In the class of metals, I shall distinguish those that have the same initials with another metal, or a metalloid, by writing the first two letters of the word.
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For the remaining 5 amino acids, Dr. Dayhoff was reaching somewhat to find an easy-to-remember connection between the single letter and the amino acid. She assigned aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and glutamine the letters D, N, E and Q, respectively, noting that D and N are nearer the beginning of the alphabet than E and Q, and that ...
Aspartic acid < Tyrosine < Threonine < Methionine is the order of nucleophilicity of the amino acid side chains. So, Aspartic acid (neutral form) is the answer. Every side chain has a Oxygen or Sulphur (Methionine) group available for electron pair donation, but in Aspartic acid the Oxygen group has lesser inclination for donation of electron ...
$\begingroup$ The $\ce{^3\Sigma ^-_g}$ is a term symbol for the not-fully filled orbitals of a homo-nuclear diatomic molecule and comes from the $\ce{D_{\infty h}}$ point group.
Tyrosine, threonine, even lysine have hydrophobic parts while being capable of making hydrogen bonds. Often, the environment is just right, with hydrophobic parts interacting with other hydrophobic parts, and all hydrogen bond potential satisfied, either by interactions with other side chains, with main chain or with solvent.
There are four stereoisomers of D-threonine. One is called L-threonine, and the other two are not called threonine (because they are diastereomers of threonine, so they have different physical properties). So the D/L nomenclature is a way to distinguish enantiomers.
What makes the pKa of serine/threonine so high? Other amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid specifically, also have side-chain OH groups. These are stabilized by resonance from the carbonyl carbon. When deprotonated, the negative charge spreads out uniformly over both oxygen atoms. The same holds true for the C-terminus of every amino acid.