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The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
In mathematics, a nonelementary antiderivative of a given elementary function is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) that is, itself, not an elementary function. [1] A theorem by Liouville in 1835 provided the first proof that nonelementary antiderivatives exist. [ 2 ]
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form:
The integral here is a complex contour integral which is path-independent because is holomorphic on the whole complex plane . In many applications, the function argument is a real number, in which case the function value is also real.
A general solution containing the arbitrary constant is often necessary to identify the correct particular solution. For example, to obtain the antiderivative of cos ( x ) {\displaystyle \cos(x)} that has the value 400 at x = π, then only one value of C {\displaystyle C} will work (in this case C = 400 {\displaystyle C=400} ).
Toyesh Prakash Sharma, Etisha Sharma, "Putting Forward Another Generalization Of The Class Of Exponential Integrals And Their Applications.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.1-8, 2023.
(Figure 2) Illustration of numerical integration for the equation ′ =, = Blue is the Euler method; green, the midpoint method; red, the exact solution, =. The step size is =