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t. e. Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. Kurt Lewin, then a professor at MIT, first coined the term "action research" in 1944.
Participatory action research ( PAR) is an approach to action research emphasizing participation and action by members of communities affected by that research. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and ...
A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question (s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [ 1] A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or ...
Human-centered design is an approach to interactive systems development that aims to make systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, and by applying human factors/ergonomics, and usability knowledge and techniques. This approach enhances effectiveness and efficiency, improves human well-being, user ...
Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a subset of Community-Based Research aimed explicitly at including participants and empowering people to create measurable action. [42] PAR practices across various disciplines, with research in Participatory Design being an application of its different qualitative methodologies.
Community-based participatory research ( CBPR) is an equitable approach to research in which researchers, organizations, and community members collaborate on all aspects of a research project. CBPR empowers all stakeholders to offer their expertise and partake in the decision-making process. CBPR projects aim to increase the body of knowledge ...
The research-based design process is a research process proposed by Teemu Leinonen, [1] [2] inspired by several design theories. [3] [4] [5] It is strongly oriented towards the building of prototypes and it emphasizes creative solutions, exploration of various ideas and design concepts, continuous testing and redesign of the design solutions.
Implementation research. Implementation research is the systematic study of methods that support the application of research findings and other evidence-based knowledge into policy and practice. [1] It aims to understand the most effective pathways from research to practical application, particularly in areas such as health, education ...