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Penal substitution, also called penal substitutionary atonement and especially in older writings forensic theory, [1] [2] is a theory of the atonement within Protestant Christian theology, which declares that Christ, voluntarily submitting to God the Father's plan, was punished (penalized) in the place of (substitution) sinners, thus satisfying the demands of justice and propitiation, so God ...
Substitutionary atonement, also called vicarious atonement, is a central concept within Western Christian theology which asserts that Jesus died for humanity, [1] as claimed by the Western classic and paradigms of atonement in Christianity, which regard Jesus as dying as a substitute for others.
Both affirm the substitutionary and vicarious nature of the atonement, but penal substitution offers a specific explanation as to what the suffering is for: punishment. [citation needed] Augustine teaches substitutionary atonement. However, the specific interpretation differed as to what this suffering for sinners meant.
Substitution by atonement: The sufferings of Christ are an atonement for sin by substitution, in the sense that they were intentionally endured for sinners under judicial condemnation, and for the sake of their forgiveness. [20] Objective paradigm: Because Christ's atonement is substitutionary, the theory is based on an objective paradigm. [23]
He is probably best known today for his theological articulation of the meaning of the atonement within Christian theology, atonement for him being “the most profound of all truths”. [1] Many have misunderstood his position, arguing that he was known for his defense of the doctrine of penal substitution. However, Denney himself protested ...
In his book, Aulén identifies three main types of atonement theories: [8] [9] The earliest was what Aulén called the "classic" view of the atonement, more commonly known as the ransom theory, or since Aulén's work, it is known sometimes as the "Christus Victor" theory: this is the theory that Adam and Eve made humanity subject to the Devil during the fall, and that God, in order to redeem ...
Jesus Paid It All (also known as Fullness in Christ and I hear the Saviour say and Christ All and in All) is a traditional American hymn about the penal substitutionary atonement for sin by the death of Jesus. The song references many Bible verses, including Romans 5 ("Jesus' sacrifice gives life") and Isaiah 1:18 ("a crimson flow"). [1]
[18] [19] Critics of penal substitutionary atonement state that seeing the Atonement as appeasing God is a "pagan" idea that makes God seem tyrannical. [ 20 ] J. I. Packer in Knowing God , first published in 1973, designates a distinct difference between pagan and Christian propitiation: "In paganism, man propitiates his gods, and religion ...