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Gallbladder cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer, with an incidence of fewer than 2 cases per 100,000 people per year in the United States. [7] It is particularly common in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India; it is also common in certain ethnic groups e.g. Native American Indians and Hispanics. [8]
Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. [2] Symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma may include abdominal pain, yellowish skin, weight loss, generalized itching, and fever. [1]
Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer. [ 2 ] The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging.
CA19-9 can be elevated in many types of gastrointestinal cancer, such as colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. [1] Apart from cancer, elevated levels may occur in pancreatitis, cirrhosis, [1] and diseases of the bile ducts. [1] [3] It can also be elevated in people with obstruction of the bile ducts. [3]
A Klatskin tumor (or hilar cholangiocarcinoma) is a cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the biliary tree) occurring at the confluence of the right and left hepatic bile ducts. The disease was named after Gerald Klatskin, who in 1965 described 15 cases and found some characteristics for this type of cholangiocarcinoma. [1] [2] [3]
Cholangiocarcinoma can be detected with these commonly used tumor markers: carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19–9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 125 . These tumour markers are found in primary liver cancers, as well as in other cancers and certain other disorders. [14] [15]
G (1–4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated) S (0–3): elevation of serum tumor markers; R (0–2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not) Pn (0–1): invasion into adjunct nerves
The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. These factors also determine the prognosis. Overall, the GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer ...