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Autophagy (or autophagocytosis; from the Ancient Greek αὐτόφαγος, autóphagos, meaning "self-devouring" [1] and κύτος, kýtos, meaning "hollow") [2] is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. [3] It allows the orderly ...
Microautophagy. Microautophagy is one of the three common forms of autophagic pathway, but unlike macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, it is mediated—in mammals by lysosomal action or in plants and fungi by vacuolar action—by direct engulfment of the cytoplasmic cargo. Cytoplasmic material is trapped in the lysosome/vacuole by a ...
Chaperone-mediated autophagy ( CMA) refers to the chaperone-dependent selection of soluble cytosolic proteins that are then targeted to lysosomes and directly translocated across the lysosome membrane for degradation. [1] [2] The unique features of this type of autophagy are the selectivity on the proteins that are degraded by this pathway and ...
Autophagy-related protein 8 ( Atg8) is a ubiquitin-like protein required for the formation of autophagosomal membranes. The transient conjugation of Atg8 to the autophagosomal membrane through a ubiquitin -like conjugation system is essential for autophagy in eukaryotes. Even though there are homologues in animals (see for example GABARAP ...
Autophagy is the major degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells and is essential for the removal of damaged organelles via macroautophagy or proteins and smaller cellular debris via microautophagy from the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (CVT) is an autophagy -related pathway which occurs in fungi and specifically yeasts. [1] This is a mechanism occurs under starvation conditions and moves molecules from the cytoplasm to vacuoles. [2] This pathway is a production of complex molecules resulting in the digestion of cytoplasm components.
MAP1LC3B. Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (hereafter referred to as LC3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1LC3B gene. [5] LC3 is a central protein in the autophagy pathway where it functions in autophagy substrate selection and autophagosome biogenesis.
The chaperone-assisted selective autophagy is dependent on the formation of a heteromeric complex. This consists of the heat shock proteins and BAG3. The BAG family has 6 cochaperone members and BAG1 was identified as an interactor of Bcl-2 proteins which is an anti-apoptotic protein. The activation of HSF1 is the primary mechanism by which ...