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In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. [1] The word grapheme is derived from Ancient Greek gráphō ('write'), and the suffix -eme by analogy with phoneme and other emic units. The study of graphemes is called graphemics. The concept of graphemes is abstract and similar to the notion in computing of a ...
Combining Diacritical Marks is a Unicode block containing the most common combining characters.It also contains the character "Combining Grapheme Joiner", which prevents canonical reordering of combining characters, and despite the name, actually separates characters that would otherwise be considered a single grapheme in a given context.
Note that there need not be (and rarely is) a one-to-one correspondence between the graphemes of the script and the phonemes of a language. A phoneme may be represented only by some combination or string of graphemes, the same phoneme may be represented by more than one distinct grapheme, the same grapheme may stand for more than one phoneme ...
A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond consistently to the language's phonemes (the smallest units of speech that can differentiate words), or more generally to the language's diaphonemes.
U+034F is the "combining grapheme joiner" (CGJ) and has no visible glyph. Codepoints U+035C–0362 are double diacritics , diacritic signs placed across two letters. Codepoints U+0363–036F are medieval superscript letter diacritics, letters written directly above other letters appearing in medieval Germanic manuscripts, but in some instances ...
Letters are graphemes that broadly correspond to phonemes, the smallest functional units of sound in speech. Similarly to how phonemes are combined to form spoken words, letters may be combined to form written words. A single phoneme may also be represented by multiple letters in sequence, collectively called a multigraph.
Unicode aims at encoding graphemes, not individual "meanings" ("semantics") of graphemes, and not glyphs.It is a matter of case-by-case judgement whether such characters should receive separate encoding when used in technical contexts, e.g. Greek letters used as mathematical symbols: thus, the choice to have a "micro-sign" µ separate from Greek μ, but not a "Mega sign" separate from Latin M ...
For example, the grapheme à requires two glyphs: the basic a and the grave accent `. In general, a diacritic is regarded as a glyph, [ 2 ] even if it is contiguous with the rest of the character like a cedilla in French , Catalan or Portuguese , the ogonek in several languages, or the stroke on a Polish " Ł ".