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A lower MAC value represents a more potent volatile anesthetic. Other uses of MAC include MAC-BAR (1.7–2.0 MAC), which is the concentration required to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli , and MAC-awake (0.3–0.5 MAC), the concentration required to block voluntary reflexes and control perceptive awareness.
The BIS monitor provides a single dimensionless number, which ranges from 0 (equivalent to EEG silence) to 100. A BIS value between 40 and 60 indicates an appropriate level for general anesthesia, as recommended by the manufacturer. The BIS monitor thus gives the anesthetist an indication of how "deep" under anesthesia the patient is. [6]
The duration of the anesthesia process goes from the time before an animal leaves for the visit to the time after the animal reaches home after the visit, meaning it includes care from both the owner and the veterinary staff. [3] Generally, anesthesia is used for a wider range of circumstances in animals than in people not only due to their ...
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To determine the depth of anesthesia, the anesthetist relies on a series of physical signs of the patient. In 1847, John Snow (1813–1858) [1] and Francis Plomley [2] attempted to describe various stages of general anesthesia, but Guedel in 1937 described a detailed system which was generally accepted. [3] [4] [5]
Anesthesia in animals has many similarities to human anesthesia, but some differences as well. Local anesthesia is primarily used for wound closure and removal of small tumors. Lidocaine , mepivacaine , and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics used in veterinary medicine. [ 5 ]
The American Society of Veterinary Anesthesiology (ASVA) was founded in 1970 during an AVMA conference in Las Vegas, Nevada. [2] The founding officers were Drs. Charles E. Short, William V. Lumb, Donald C. Sawyer, Lawrence R. Soma, and Daniel Roberts, with Dr. Short serving as the first president. [3]
Balanced anesthesia has various advantages in veterinary cases: In certain circumstances it is considerably cheaper than the usual anesthesia. Secondly, it can reduce the death rate. Furthermore, it offers more stable operating conditions for veterinarians. [17] It also increase animal safety and comfort. [18]