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Chemical synthesis plays a crucial role across various industries, enabling the development of materials, medicines, and technologies with significant real-world impacts. Catalysis : The development of catalysts is vital for numerous industrial processes, including petroleum refining, petrochemical production, and pollution control.
For example, while synthetic biology may lead to more efficient production of medical treatments, it may also lead to synthesis or modification of harmful pathogens (e.g., smallpox). [213] The biohacking community remains a source of special concern, as the distributed and diffuse nature of open-source biotechnology makes it difficult to track ...
In another example, the Nicolaou's total synthesis of Taxol uses this reaction, although coupling stops with the formation of a cis-diol, rather than an olefin. Optimized procedures employ the dimethoxyethane complex of TiCl 3 in combination with the Zn(Cu) .
Robert Burns Woodward, who received the 1965 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for several total syntheses [5] including his synthesis of strychnine, [6] is regarded as the grandfather of modern organic synthesis. [7] Some latter-day examples of syntheses include Wender's, [8] Holton's, [9] Nicolaou's, [10] and Danishefsky's [11] total syntheses of the ...
Total synthesis targets can also be organometallic or inorganic. [5] [6] While total synthesis aims for complete construction from simple starting materials, modifying or partially synthesizing these compounds is known as semisynthesis. Natural product synthesis serves as a critical tool across various scientific fields.
The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol . This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. [ 2 ] Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S N 2 reaction .
Artificial gene synthesis, or simply gene synthesis, refers to a group of methods that are used in synthetic biology to construct and assemble genes from nucleotides de novo. Unlike DNA synthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any DNA sequence to be synthesized in the laboratory.
Convergent synthesis or linear synthesis, a strategy to improve the efficiency of multi-step chemical syntheses Dehydration synthesis , a chemical synthesis resulting in the loss of a water molecule Biosynthesis , the creation of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes