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The Vivekamārtaṇḍa is the only text to use Viparītakaraṇī as a means of yogic withdrawal.Illustrated manuscript of the Joga Pradipika, 1830. Unlike Ashtanga, the eightfold yoga of Patanjali, the Vivekamārtaṇḍa describes a system of six limbs: asana (posture), breath-restraint (which it calls pranasamrodha), pratyahara (withdrawal), dharana (concentration), meditation, and samadhi ...
Statue of Patañjali, its traditional snake form indicating kundalini or an incarnation of Shesha. The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali (IAST: Patañjali yoga-sūtras) is a collection of Sanskrit sutras on the theory and practice of yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including BKS Iyengar).
Haribhadra uses the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali to develop his system of Jain meditation and Yoga. He compares Patanjali's system of eightfold yoga with three other systems, a Buddhist Yoga attributed to a certain Bhadanta Bhāskara, Vedanta Yoga system attributed to Bandhu Bhagavaddatta, and Haribhadra's own Jain Yoga system. [ 4 ]
Maehle, Gregor (2007), Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy, New World Library; Taimni, I.K. (1961), The Science of Yoga: The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (PDF) Whicher, Ian (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, SUNY Press; Wynne, Alexander (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge
Classical Advaita Vedanta emphasizes the path of Jnana Yoga, a progression of study and training to attain moksha. It consists of four stages: [ 2 ] [ web 1 ] Samanyasa or Sampatti s, [ 3 ] the "fourfold discipline" ( sādhana-chatustaya ), cultivating the following four qualities: [ 2 ] [ web 1 ]
This genre of texts includes the Sutras and Shastras of the six schools of Hindu philosophy: Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. [42] [43] The Sutras and Shastras texts were compilations of technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area. The earliest are dated to the latter half of the 1st millennium BCE.
Yoga Upanishads discuss different aspects and kinds of Yoga, ranging from postures, breath exercises, meditation (dhyana), sound (nada), tantra (kundalini anatomy) and others. [6] Some of these topics are not covered in the Bhagavad Gita or Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. [10]
Shiva with Parvati. Shiva Swarodaya is an ancient Sanskrit tantric text. A comment and translation termed as swara yoga has been made by Satyananda Saraswati in 1983. [1] It is also termed "Phonetical astrology": the "sound of one's own breath" and is written as a conversation between Shiva and Parvati. [2]