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Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. [18] It can be used under the tongue (sublingual) , in the cheek (buccal) , by injection ( intravenous and subcutaneous ), as a skin patch (transdermal) , or as an implant .
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4] [5] OIH is not necessarily confined to the original affected site. [6]
Central pain syndrome, also known as central neuropathic pain, [1] is a neurological condition consisting of constant moderate to severe pain due to damage to the central nervous system (CNS) which causes a sensitization of the pain system. [2] [3] The extent of pain and the areas affected are related to the cause of the injury. [4]
Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. [3] It is used to treat opioid use disorder , and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on full-agonist opioids such as heroin or fentanyl ).
In multiple states struggling to manage the epidemic, thousands of addicts have no access to Suboxone. There have been reports by doctors and clinics of waiting lists for the medication in Kentucky, Ohio, central New York and Vermont, among others. In one Ohio county, a clinic’s waiting list ran to more than 500 patients.
[129] [130] While the risk of misuse or overdose is higher with buprenorphine alone compared to the buprenorphine/naloxone combination or methadone, its usage is linked to a decrease in mortality. [ 131 ] [ 7 ] Approved in the U.S. for opioid dependence treatment in 2002, [ 132 ] buprenorphine has since expanded in form, with the FDA approving ...
Acute pain — sudden or urgent pain that results from injury, trauma or surgery — affects more than 80 million Americans annually and is the most common reason for emergency department visits, ...
Complex regional pain syndrome is characterized by pain that is distributed regionally, usually starts in an extremity distally, occurs after a trauma, and is disproportionate in severity or duration compared to the expected course of the trauma — the sites affected by complex regional pain syndrome experience autonomic and inflammatory changes.