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Wire gauges may be broadly divided into two groups, the empirical and the geometric. The first includes all the older gauge measurements, notably the Birmingham gauge (B.W.G. or Stubs) and the Lancashire. The origin of the B.W.G. is obscure. The numbers of wire were in common use earlier than 1735 when the measurements were officially defined. [1]
Any two successive gauges (e.g., A and B) have diameters whose ratio (dia. B ÷ dia. A) is (approximately 1.12293), while for gauges two steps apart (e.g., A, B, and C), the ratio of the C to A is about 1.12293 2 ≈ 1.26098. Similarly for gauges n steps apart the ratio of the first to last gauges is about 1.12293 n.
Smaller gauge numbers indicate larger outer diameters. [4] Inner diameter depends on both gauge and wall thickness. The following chart shows nominal inner diameter and wall thickness for regular-wall needles. [4] [5] Thin-wall needles (not shown) have identical outer diameters but larger inner diameters for a given gauge.
A table of the gauge numbers and wire diameters is shown below. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The basis of the system is the thou (or mil in US English), or 0.001 in . Sizes are specified as wire diameters, stated in thou and tenths of a thou (mils and tenths).
A steel Ɪ-beam, in this case used to support timber joists in a house Ɪ-beam (serif capital 'Ɪ'-shaped cross-section – in Britain these include Universal Beams (UB) and Universal Columns (UC); in Europe it includes the IPE, HE, HL, HD and other sections; in the US it includes Wide Flange (WF or W-Shape) and H sections)
The gauge consists of a beam, a headstock, and a scribing or marking implement, typically a pin, knife, pen or wheel. The headstock slides along the beam, and is locked in place by various means: a locking screw, cam lever, or a wedge. The marking implement is fixed to one end of the beam.
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Gauge blocks (also known as gage blocks, Johansson gauges, slip gauges, or Jo blocks) are a system for producing precision lengths. The individual gauge block is a metal or ceramic block that has been precision ground and lapped to a specific thickness. Gauge blocks come in sets of blocks with a range of standard lengths.
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