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Regulation of gene expression by a hormone receptor Diagram showing at which stages in the DNA-mRNA-protein pathway expression can be controlled. Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, [1] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences in order to regulate the expression of a given gene. There are approximately 1,400 transcription factors in the human genome and they constitute about 6% of all human protein coding genes. [ 21 ]
DNA methylation and histone modification are two mechanisms used to regulate gene expression in most organisms which includes plants and animals. DNA methylation can be stable during cell division, allowing for methylation states to be passed to other orthologous genes in a genome. DNA methylation can be reversed via enzymes known as DNA de ...
The Greek prefix epi-(ἐπι-"over, outside of, around") in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional (DNA sequence based) genetic mechanism of inheritance. [2] Epigenetics usually involves a change that is not erased by cell division, and affects the regulation of gene expression. [3]
Among this constellation of sequences, enhancers and their associated transcription factor proteins have a leading role in the regulation of gene expression. [5] Enhancers are sequences of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene expression programs, most often by looping through long ...
Regulation of transcription can be broken down into three main routes of influence; genetic (direct interaction of a control factor with the gene), modulation interaction of a control factor with the transcription machinery and epigenetic (non-sequence changes in DNA structure that influence transcription).
When it comes to insects' DNA, humans have a bit less in common. For example, fruit flies share 61 percent of disease-causing genes with humans, which was important when NASA studied the bugs to ...
Structure of a gene regulatory network Control process of a gene regulatory network. A gene (or genetic) regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins which, in turn, determine the function of the cell.