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Graphitization can be observed in various contexts. For example, it occurs naturally during the formation of certain types of coal or graphite in the Earth's crust.It can also be artificially induced during the manufacture of specific carbon materials, such as graphite electrodes used in fuel cells, nuclear reactors or metallurgical applications.
In this paper, she defined graphitizing carbons as those that can transform into crystalline graphite by being heated to 3,000 °C (3,270 K; 5,430 °F), while non-graphitizing carbons do not transform into graphite at any temperature. Precursors that produce graphitizing carbon include polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and petroleum coke.
Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "Coal to X" or "Carbon to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbon-based products. However, the most common process chain is "Coal to Liquid Fuels" (CTL). [1]
Coal that has been thermally metamorphosed is the typical source of amorphous ... Rapid conversion of graphite to diamond requires pressures well above the ...
Carbochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of coal (bituminous coal, coal tar, anthracite, lignite, graphite, and charcoal) into useful products and raw materials. [1] The processes that are used in carbochemistry include degasification processes such as carbonization and coking , gasification processes, and ...
Raw coke. Coke is a grey, hard, and porous coal-based fuel with a high carbon content. It is made by heating coal or petroleum in the absence of air. Coke is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges.
While the Boudouard reaction is used deliberately in some processes, it is undesired in others. In the gas cooled, graphite moderated British nuclear reactors (Magnox and AGR) reaction between the CO 2 coolant and the graphite moderator had to be avoided or at least kept to a minimum. As the equilibrium of the reaction shifts in favor of carbon ...
The fuel value of coal varies in the same order. Some anthracite deposits contain pure carbon in the form of graphite. For bituminous coal, the elemental composition on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. [40]