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Amateur metal detectorists may disturb or remove artifacts. [5] Travel over the ground surface, whether by foot, animal, bicycle, or motorized vehicle, can cause artifacts to be broken, crushed, or moved. [6] [7] Campfires can contaminate sites and cause smoke damage to rock art, and the heat of a fire can cause rock to spall.
Radar multipath echoes from a target cause ghosts to appear. In radar signal processing, some echoes can be related to fixed objects , multipath returns, jamming, atmospheric effect (brightband or attenuation), anomalous propagation, and many other effects. All those echoes must be filtered in order to obtain the position, velocity and type of ...
Faunal remains can also provide information on social status, ethnic distinctions and dieting from previous complex societies. [8] Dating artifacts and providing them with a chronological timeline is a crucial part of artifact analysis. The different types of analyses above can all assist in the process of artifact dating.
Weathering is the source of most of the deterioration of archaeological sites. Wind, rain, freeze-thaw, and evaporation are extremely common and can cause erosion. Natural disasters, such as floods, fires, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, can cause the complete destruction of a site. [5]
Drastic temperature changes can cause irreversible damage to artifacts such as: warping, crumbling, or fragmenting. Higher temperatures, specifically, could result in humidity levels significantly rising which could cause further deterioration, infestations of insects, molds, rot, and bacteria.
A crush artifact is an artificial elongation and distortion seen in histopathology and cytopathology studies, presumably because of iatrogenic compression of tissues. Distortion can be caused by the slightest compression of tissue and can provide difficulties in diagnosis. [2] [3] It may cause chromatin to be squeezed out of nuclei. [4]
Archaeology stimulates interest in ancient objects, and people in search of artifacts or treasure cause damage to archaeological sites. The commercial and academic demand for artifacts contributes directly to the illicit antiquities trade. Smuggling of antiquities abroad to private collectors has caused great cultural and economic damage in ...
The term macroblocking is commonly used regardless of the artifact's cause. Other names include blocking, [8] tiling, [9] mosaicing, pixelating, quilting, and checkerboarding. Block-artifacts are a result of the very principle of block transform coding.