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The cognitive tests used to measure spatial visualization ability including mental rotation tasks like the Mental Rotations Test or mental cutting tasks like the Mental Cutting Test; and cognitive tests like the VZ-1 (Form Board), VZ-2 (Paper Folding), and VZ-3 (Surface Development) tests from the Kit of Factor-Reference cognitive tests produced by Educational Testing Service.
The Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) is a test of spatial visualization ability published by Roland B. Guay in 1977. [1] Many modifications of the test exist. The test consists of thirty questions of increasing difficulty, the standard time limit is 20 minutes.
Test Effect size Higher scoring group Year published Raven's Progressive Matrices: 0.33 [8] Men 2004 Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations: 0.57 [9] Men 2013 Mental Rotations Test: 0.94 [10] Men 1985
Although most tests show no sex difference, there are some that do. For example, it has been found that female subjects tend to perform better on tests of verbal abilities and processing speed while males tend to perform better on tests of visual-spatial ability and crystallized intelligence.
The Mental Rotations Test is a test of spatial ability by Steven G. Vandenberg and Allan R. Kuse, first published in 1978. It has been used in hundreds of studies since then. [1] [2] A meta-analysis of studies using this test showed that men performed better than women with no changes seen by birth cohort. [3]
The Mental Cutting Test is a measure of spatial visualization ability (MCT) (CEEB,1939) first developed for a university entrance examination in the USA. The test consists of 25 items. For each problem on the exam, students are shown a criterion figure which is to be cut with an assumed plane.
Males have much higher level of performance in three major spatial tasks which include spatial visualization, spatial perception and mental rotation. [42] [43] Spatial visualization elicits the smallest difference with a deviation of 0.13, perception a deviation of 0.44 and mental rotation the largest with a deviation of 0.73.
Spatial intelligence is an area in the theory of multiple intelligences that deals with spatial judgment and the ability to visualize with the mind's eye. It is defined by Howard Gardner as a human computational capacity that provides the ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems of navigation, visualization of objects from different angles and space, faces or scenes recognition, or to ...