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  2. Prime number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number

    The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, from around 1550 BC, has Egyptian fraction expansions of different forms for prime and composite numbers. [14] However, the earliest surviving records of the study of prime numbers come from the ancient Greek mathematicians, who called them prōtos arithmòs (πρῶτος ἀριθμὸς).

  3. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of...

    The fundamental theorem can be derived from Book VII, propositions 30, 31 and 32, and Book IX, proposition 14 of Euclid's Elements.. If two numbers by multiplying one another make some number, and any prime number measure the product, it will also measure one of the original numbers.

  4. Composite number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number

    A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Accordingly it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself. [1] [2] Every positive integer is composite, prime, or the unit 1, so the composite numbers are exactly the numbers that are not prime and not a unit.

  5. Integer factorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization

    Every positive integer greater than 1 is either the product of two or more integer factors greater than 1, in which case it is a composite number, or it is not, in which case it is a prime number. For example, 15 is a composite number because 15 = 3 · 5 , but 7 is a prime number because it cannot be decomposed in this way.

  6. Mersenne prime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_prime

    That is, it is a prime number of the form M n = 2 n − 1 for some integer n. They are named after Marin Mersenne, a French Minim friar, who studied them in the early 17th century. If n is a composite number then so is 2 n − 1. Therefore, an equivalent definition of the Mersenne primes is that they are the prime numbers of the form M p = 2 p ...

  7. Formula for primes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_for_primes

    However, it does not contain all the prime numbers, since the terms gcd(n + 1, a n) are always odd and so never equal to 2. 587 is the smallest prime (other than 2) not appearing in the first 10,000 outcomes that are different from 1. Nevertheless, in the same paper it was conjectured to contain all odd primes, even though it is rather inefficient.

  8. Primality test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primality_test

    Also, 2 is a prime dividing 100, which immediately proves that 100 is not prime. Every positive integer except 1 is divisible by at least one prime number by the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Therefore the algorithm need only search for prime divisors less than or equal to .

  9. Sieve of Eratosthenes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes

    A prime number is a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: the number 1 and itself. To find all the prime numbers less than or equal to a given integer n by Eratosthenes' method: Create a list of consecutive integers from 2 through n: (2, 3, 4, ..., n). Initially, let p equal 2, the smallest prime number.