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  2. Insertion (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion_(genetics)

    An illustration of an insertion at chromosome level. In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly ...

  3. Transposons as a genetic tool - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposons_as_a_genetic_tool

    When additional nucleotides are inserted near or into a locus, the locus can suffer a frameshift mutation that could prevent it from being properly expressed into polypeptide chain. Transposon-based Insertional inactivation is considered for medical research from suppression of antibiotic resistance in bacteria to the treatment of genetic ...

  4. Slipped strand mispairing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped_strand_mispairing

    This expands the replication region with newly inserted nucleotides. The template and the daughter strand can no longer pair correctly. [4] Nucleotide excision repair proteins are mobilized to this area where one likely outcome is the expansion of nucleotides in the template strand while the other is the absence of nucleotides.

  5. DNA transposon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_transposon

    DNA transposons, like all transposons, are quite impactful with respect to gene expression. A sequence of DNA may insert itself into a previously functional gene and create a mutation. This can happen in three distinct ways: 1. alteration of function, 2. chromosomal rearrangement, and 3. a source of novel genetic material. [16]

  6. Frameshift mutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshift_mutation

    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden death in young people, including trained athletes, and is caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. Mutations in the Troponin C gene are a rare genetic cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A recent study has indicated that a frameshift mutation (c ...

  7. DNA repair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

    A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage or can no longer effectively repair its DNA may enter one of three possible states: an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence; cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death; unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous

  8. Gene duplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication

    If an ancestral gene is pleiotropic and performs two functions, often neither one of these two functions can be changed without affecting the other function. In this way, partitioning the ancestral functions into two separate genes can allow for adaptive specialization of subfunctions, thereby providing an adaptive benefit. [31]

  9. Transposable element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element

    A bacterial DNA transposon. A transposable element (TE), also transposon, or jumping gene, is a type of mobile genetic element, a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.