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2. List of linguistic example sentences - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguistic_example...

   Demonstrations of sentences where the semantic interpretation is bound to context or knowledge of the world. The large ball crashed right through the table because it was made of Styrofoam: ambiguous use of a pronoun: The word "it" refers to the table being made of Styrofoam; but "it" would immediately refer to the large ball if we replaced ...

3. James while John had had had had had had had had had had had ...

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_while_John_had_had...

   The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.

4. Grammaticality - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticality

   Examples (17a-c) are structural violations, (17a) violates the Specified Subject Condition, and (17b-c) violate Subjacency, while (17d) is a grammatical control sentence. It was found that since the violations were structural in nature, participants with familial sinistrality were less sensitive to violations in such as the ones found(17a-c ...

5. Stochastic grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_grammar

   Allowed sentences are stored in a database together with the frequency how common a sentence is. [2] Statistical natural language processing uses stochastic , probabilistic and statistical methods, especially to resolve difficulties that arise because longer sentences are highly ambiguous when processed with realistic grammars, yielding ...

6. Context (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(linguistics)

   Verbal context influences the way an expression is understood; hence the norm of not citing people out of context. Since much contemporary linguistics takes texts, discourses, or conversations as the object of analysis, the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual relationships ...

7. Sentence (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)

   In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." In traditional grammar , it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate .

8. Common ground (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ground_(linguistics)

   In semantics, pragmatics, and philosophy of language, the common ground of a conversation is the set of propositions that the interlocutors have agreed to treat as true. For a proposition to be in the common ground, it must be common knowledge in the conversational context.

9. Cleft sentence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_sentence

   A cleft sentence is a complex sentence (one having a main clause and a dependent clause) that has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Clefts typically put a particular constituent into focus. In spoken language, this focusing is often accompanied by a special intonation. In English, a cleft sentence can be constructed as ...