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The strategic elements of lean can be quite complex, and comprise multiple elements. Four different notions of lean have been identified: [44] Lean as a fixed state or goal (being lean) Lean as a continuous change process (becoming lean) Lean as a set of tools or methods (doing lean/toolbox lean) Lean as a philosophy (lean thinking)
Lean Six Sigma is a synergized managerial concept of Lean and Six Sigma. [6] Lean traditionally focuses on eliminating the eight kinds of waste ("muda"), and Six Sigma focuses on improving process output quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in (manufacturing and business) processes.
Lean enterprise is a practice focused on value creation for the end customer with minimal waste and processes. [4] The term has historically been associated with lean manufacturing and Six Sigma (or Lean Six Sigma) due to lean principles being popularized by Toyota in the automobile manufacturing industry and subsequently the electronics and internet software industries.
Lean thinking was born out of studying the rise of Toyota Motor Company from a bankrupt Japanese automaker in the early 1950s to today's dominant global player. [4] At every stage of its expansion, Toyota remained a puzzle by capturing new markets with products deemed relatively unattractive and with systematically lower costs while not following any of the usual management dictates.
Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement.It was introduced by American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986. [1] [2]Six Sigma strategies seek to improve manufacturing quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.
Lean measures both the process of design and the design results. [25] Measures drive the design for lean manufacturing culture and promote continuous improvement. [26] Toyota's lean product development process is elusive but not impossible to understand. [27] It cannot be imported in parts as is the case with the Toyota Production System.
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The basic concept was first used in the 1920s, and is considered one of the seven basic tools of quality control. [5] It is known as a fishbone diagram because of its shape, similar to the side view of a fish skeleton. Mazda Motors famously used an Ishikawa diagram in the development of the Miata sports car. [6]