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  2. Tetrapod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod

    A notable characteristic that make a tetrapod's skull different from a fish's are the relative frontal and rear portion lengths. The fish had a long rear portion while the front was short; the orbital vacuities were thus located towards the anterior end. In the tetrapod, the front of the skull lengthened, positioning the orbits farther back on ...

  3. Evolution of tetrapods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods

    The evolution of tetrapods began about 400 million years ago in the Devonian Period with the earliest tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes. [1] Tetrapods (under the apomorphy-based definition used on this page) are categorized as animals in the biological superclass Tetrapoda, which includes all living and extinct amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

  4. Skeletal changes of vertebrates transitioning from water to land

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_changes_of...

    The elpistostegalid fish are considered the most apomorphic of fish in comparison to tetrapods. [2] From well-preserved fossils, it is observed that they share a paltybasic skull with eye ridges, and external nares situated on the margin of the mouth. [ 1 ]

  5. Sarcopterygii - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii

    Sarcopterygii (/ ˌ s ɑːr k ɒ p t ə ˈ r ɪ dʒ i. aɪ /; from Ancient Greek σάρξ (sárx) 'flesh' and πτέρυξ (ptérux) 'wing, fin') — sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii (from Ancient Greek κροσσός (krossós) 'fringe') — is a clade (traditionally a class or subclass) of vertebrate animals which includes a group of bony fish commonly referred to as lobe ...

  6. Amniote - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote

    Amniotes are distinguished from the other living tetrapod clade — the non-amniote lissamphibians (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians) — by the development of three extraembryonic membranes (amnion for embryonic protection, chorion for gas exchange, and allantois for metabolic waste disposal or storage), thicker and keratinized skin, costal ...

  7. Gnathostomata - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

    Osteichthyes (bone-fish) or bony fishes are a taxonomic group of fish that have bone, as opposed to cartilaginous skeletons. The vast majority of fish are osteichthyans, which is an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, with over 435 families and 28,000 species. [21] It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today.

  8. Osteichthyes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes

    Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish, including tetrapods) Osteichthyes ( / ˌ ɒ s t iː ˈ ɪ k θ iː z / ost-ee- IK -theez ), [ 2 ] also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish , is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue .

  9. Elpistostegalia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpistostegalia

    In most analyses, the group as traditionally imagined is actually an evolutionary grade, the last "fishes" of the tetrapod stem line, though Chang and Yu (1997) treated them as the sister clade to Tetrapoda. [15] [16] Elpistostegalia was re-defined as a clade containing Panderichthys and tetrapods. [7] Below is a cladogram from Swartz, 2012. [7]