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  2. Presumptive and confirmatory tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumptive_and...

    Most people who take a drug test take a presumptive test, cheaper and faster than other methods of testing. However, it is less accurate and can render false results. The FDA recommends for confirmatory testing to be conducted and the placing of a warning label on the presumptive drug test: "This assay provides only a preliminary result.

  3. Community-acquired pneumonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia

    Diagnosis of pneumonia is made clinically, rather than on the basis of a particular test. [13] Evaluation begins with a physical examination by a health provider, which may reveal fever, an increased respiratory rate ( tachypnea ), low blood pressure ( hypotension ), a fast heart rate ( tachycardia ) and changes in the amount of oxygen in the ...

  4. Pneumococcal pneumonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_pneumonia

    It is the most common bacterial pneumonia found in adults, the most common type of community-acquired pneumonia, and one of the common types of pneumococcal infection. The estimated number of Americans with pneumococcal pneumonia is 900,000 annually, with almost 400,000 cases hospitalized and fatalities accounting for 5-7% of these cases. [2]

  5. Pneumonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

    Pneumonia fills the lung's alveoli with fluid, hindering oxygenation. The alveolus on the left is normal, whereas the one on the right is full of fluid from pneumonia. Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. [55] It is a type of pneumonitis (lung inflammation). [56]

  6. WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System...

    Severe recurrent presumed bacterial pneumonia; Conditions where confirmatory diagnostic testing is necessary: Chronic HIV-associated lung disease including bronchiectasis; Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) Unexplained anaemia (<80g/L), and or neutropenia (<1000/μL) and or thrombocytopenia (<50 000/μL) for more than one month

  7. Quellung reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellung_reaction

    However, it acquired an important practical use with the advent of serum therapy to treat certain types of pneumococcal pneumonia in the 1920s because selection of the proper antiserum to treat an individual patient required correct identification of the infecting pneumococcal serotype, and the quellung reaction was the only method available to ...

  8. Pneumococcal infection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection

    S. pneumoniae is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the nose and throat of 5–10% of healthy adults and 20–40% of healthy children. [2] However, it is also a cause of significant disease, being a leading cause of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, and sepsis.

  9. Viral pneumonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_pneumonia

    Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both of the lungs. The pulmonary alveoli fill with fluid or pus making it difficult to breathe. [1] Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. [1] Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children, while in adults bacteria are a more common cause. [2]

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