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As with the conventional pathway of DHT synthesis, the backdoor pathway similarly requires 5α-reductase. [63] Whereas 5α-reduction is the last transformation in the classical androgen pathway, it is the first step in the backdoor pathway. [17]
The term "backdoor pathway" was coined by Auchus in 2004 [25] and was described as 5α-reduction of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) which is a first step in a pathway that ultimately leads to the production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). and defined as a route to DHT that: (1) bypasses conventional intermediates androstenedione (A4) and T; (2 ...
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Dihydrotestosterone increased the number of BrdU cells, while flutamide inhibited these cells. Moreover, estrogens had no effect. This research demonstrates how androgens can increase AHN. [19] Researchers also examined how mild exercise affected androgen synthesis which in turn causes AHN activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.
Up-regulation or activation of transcription results in increased synthesis of messenger RNA, which, in turn, is translated by ribosomes to produce specific proteins. One of the known target genes of androgen receptor activation is the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). [ 26 ]
The androgen backdoor pathway (red arrows) roundabout testosterone embedded in within conventional androgen synthesis that lead to 5α-dihydrotestosterone through testosterone. [7] [8] [9] 5α-Pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione (17-OH-DHP) is a progestogen, i.e., it binds to the progesterone receptors.
This diagram illustrates the metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of testosterone in humans. In addition to the transformations shown in the diagram, conjugation via sulfation and glucuronidation occurs with testosterone and metabolites that have one or more available hydroxyl (–OH) groups.
3-Oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRD5A1 gene. [5] It is one of three forms of steroid 5α-reductase.. Steroid 5α-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes, among other reactions, the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).