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It originated in the 1930s' Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on factory productivity. The movement viewed workers in terms of their psychology and fit with companies , rather than as interchangeable parts , and it resulted in the creation of the discipline of human relations ...
The Hawthorne effect is a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. [1] [2] The effect was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant; however, some scholars think the descriptions are fictitious.
The Hawthorne studies marked a turning point in organizational behavior research. These studies, conducted at Hawthorne Works, a telephone equipment factory in Cicero, Illinois, from 1924 to 1933, aimed to improve worker conditions and understand the dynamic relationships between managers and workers. [3]
The Hawthorne Studies were conducted at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric from 1924 into the early 1930s. They began as a study of the effect of lighting on worker performance. Elton Mayo was instrumental in identifying the psychological basis of the phenomena observed in the experiments. The studies determined that motivation is not ...
The Hawthorne study suggested that employees have social and psychological needs along with economic needs in order to be motivated to complete their assigned tasks. This theory of management was a product of the strong opposition against "the Scientific and universal management process theory of Taylor and Fayol."
In the preface of "The making of scientific management: Vol 3. The Hawthorne Investigations," Elton Mayo (1947) acknowledged, that: Aerial view of the Hawthorne Works, 1925. Lyndall Urwick was the first person to take public notice of the successive studies of human relations in industry undertaken by the Western Electric Company.
Wrege looked at the origins, procedures, and results of these early studies and their influence upon the later Hawthorne studies. [ 4 ] In his later years Wrege supplied Steven D. Levitt and John A. List with unpublished information and background data for their research later published in the 2011 article "Was There Really a Hawthorne Effect ...
He set seeds for the human relations movement, this movement, on both sides of the Atlantic, built on the research of Elton Mayo (1880–1949) and others to document through the Hawthorne studies (1924–1932) and other studies how stimuli, unrelated to financial compensation and working conditions, could yield more productive workers. [11]