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Study of the environmental impact of war focuses on the modernization of warfare and its increasing effects on the environment. Scorched earth methods have been used for much of recorded history. However, the methods of modern warfare cause far greater devastation on the environment .
Defoliants had destroyed around 7,700 square miles of forests, estimating to be around 6% of the total land in Vietnam. The effects of Agent Orange persisted after the war, and lead to Vietnam's forest cover declining by 50% in the years during the war and after, reaching an all-time low for forest cover in the 80's and 90's. [7]
Displacement or forced migration results most often during a time of war and can adversely affect both the community and an individual. When a war breaks out, many people flee their homes in fear of losing their lives and their families, and as a result, they become misplaced either internally or externally. [33]
[9] [10] [11] In 2014, it cost approximately €2.50 to plant a mine in Ukraine, while it cost more than €900 to clear that mine. [12] Lots of research is required to fully estimate the environmental damage caused by the Russian invasion, although this is impractical until hostilities cease. [13]
Open-air burn pit at Forward Operating Base Sharana, Paktika, Afghanistan, in 2013. The ongoing environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan, from the 1979 beginning of the Soviet-Afghan War to the 2021 United States' withdrawal from Afghanistan, adversely affect the health of Afghan civilians and American veterans, infrastructure, the labour force, and social structures.
The Environmental Modification Convention is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. The Convention bans weather warfare, which is the use of weather modification techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction.
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The term treadmill of destruction reflects the consequences to the existence of Allan Schnaiberg's theory of the treadmill of production introduced in 1980. [6] [7] Although this term is not commonly used in society, researchers, sociologists and economists have widely used this coined term to describe and discuss the debt of Schnaiberg's theory for the dynamic expansion of capitalism ...