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Biological tissues typically produce an observed radiant emittance in the visible and ultraviolet frequencies ranging from 10 −17 to 10 −23 W/cm 2 (approx 1-1000 photons/cm 2 /second). [1] This low level of light has a much weaker intensity than the visible light produced by bioluminescence, but biophotons are detectable above the ...
Photopic (black line) and scotopic [1] (green line) luminosity functions. The photopic includes the CIE 1931 standard (solid), [2] the Judd-Vos 1978 modified data (dashed), [3] and the Sharpe, Stockman, Jagla & Jägle 2005 data (dotted). [4] The horizontal axis is wavelength in nm. Integrating sphere used for measuring the luminous flux of a ...
The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined – it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on what kind of light is used (see Photosynthetically active radiation). It takes eight (or perhaps ten or more [1]) photons to use one molecule of CO 2.
A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell (PV cell), is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. [1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics (such as current , voltage , or resistance ) vary when it is exposed to light.
[105] [106] In tropical grasses, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus, leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38−40 μmol CO 2 ·m −2 ·s −1, and the leaves have two types of green cells, i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells.
In the absence of light, the OEC will "relax" to the S 1 state; the S 1 state is often described as being "dark-stable". The S 1 state is largely considered to consist of manganese ions with oxidation states of Mn 3+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 4+ , Mn 4+ . [ 21 ]
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[8] [9] Macro-architecture of the solar cells could result in different surface areas being placed in any fixed volume - particularly for thin film solar cells and flexible solar cells which may allow for highly convoluted folded structures. If volume is the binding constraint, then efficiency density based on surface area may be of less relevance.