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In mathematics, particularly in number theory, Hillel Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes is a topological proof that the integers contain infinitely many prime numbers. When examined closely, the proof is less a statement about topology than a statement about certain properties of arithmetic sequences.
Euclid offered a proof published in his work Elements (Book IX, Proposition 20), [1] which is paraphrased here. [2] Consider any finite list of prime numbers p 1, p 2, ..., p n. It will be shown that there exists at least one additional prime number not included in this list. Let P be the product of all the prime numbers in the list: P = p 1 p ...
Both the Furstenberg and Golomb topologies furnish a proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers. [1] [2] A sketch of the proof runs as follows: Fix a prime p and note that the (positive, in the Golomb space case) integers are a union of finitely many residue classes modulo p. Each residue class is an arithmetic progression, and thus clopen.
Not all Euclid numbers are prime. E 6 = 13# + 1 = 30031 = 59 × 509 is the first composite Euclid number.. Every Euclid number is congruent to 3 modulo 4 since the primorial of which it is composed is twice the product of only odd primes and thus congruent to 2 modulo 4.
The proofs include: Six proofs of the infinitude of the primes, including Euclid's and Furstenberg's; Proof of Bertrand's postulate; Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares; Two proofs of the Law of quadratic reciprocity; Proof of Wedderburn's little theorem asserting that every finite division ring is a field; Four proofs of the Basel problem
As of December 2024, the largest known prime of the form p n # + 1 is 7351117# + 1 (n = 498,865) with 3,191,401 digits, also found by the PrimeGrid project. Euclid's proof of the infinitude of the prime numbers is commonly misinterpreted as defining the primorial primes, in the following manner: [2]
Prime number. Infinitude of the prime numbers; Primitive recursive function; Principle of bivalence. no propositions are neither true nor false in intuitionistic logic; Recursion; Relational algebra (to do) Solvable group; Square root of 2; Tetris; Algebra of sets. idempotent laws for set union and intersection
Furstenberg published several papers as an undergraduate, including "Note on one type of indeterminate form" (1953) and "On the infinitude of primes" (1955). Both appeared in the American Mathematical Monthly, the latter provided a topological proof of Euclid's famous theorem that there are infinitely many primes.