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An erosion gully in Australia caused by rabbits, an unintended consequence of their introduction as game animals. In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences, more colloquially called knock-on effects) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen.
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
Sometimes missing values are caused by the researcher—for example, when data collection is done improperly or mistakes are made in data entry. [2] These forms of missingness take different types, with different impacts on the validity of conclusions from research: Missing completely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random.
The authors based the Science paper on a 300-page technical report released by the genomics research nonprofit J. Craig Venter Institute that detailed the feasibility and risks of mirror bacteria.
The consequences for replicability of the publication bias are exacerbated by academia's "publish or perish" culture. As explained by metascientist Daniele Fanelli, "publish or perish" culture is a sociological aspect of academia whereby scientists work in an environment with very high pressure to have their work published in recognized journals.
The most notable variation of the experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the adult model rewarded, punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll. [2] The social learning theory proposes that people learn largely through observation, imitation, and modelling.
Forced compliance theory is a paradigm that is closely related to cognitive dissonance theory.It emerged in the field of social psychology.. Forced compliance theory is the idea that authority or some other perceived higher-ranking person can force a lower-ranked individual to make statements or perform acts that violate their better judgment.
The differential effect of treatments (DET) was explored using several examples and models. In the biomedicine area, differential effects of early hippocampal pathology [4] were investigated on episodic and semantic memory. The differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 were also examined on neuronal growth in vitro. [5]