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Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular causal [1] processes such as feedback and recursion, where the effects of a system's actions (its outputs) return as inputs to that system, influencing subsequent action. [2]
Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to biological science disciplines such as neurology and multicellular systems. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function.
The ASC Glossary of Cybernetics by the American Society for Cybernetics; ASC Glossary on Cybernetics and Systems Theory [permanent dead link ] by Stuart Umpleby (ed.) from the American Society for Cybernetics. International Encyclopedia of Cybernetics and Systems, edited by Charles François, (1997) München: K. G. Saur.
Cybernetics, according to Wiener's definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems".
The title of his book An Introduction to Cybernetics popularised the usage of the term 'cybernetics' to refer to self-regulating systems, originally coined by Norbert Wiener in Cybernetics. The book gave accounts of homeostasis, adaptation, memory and foresight in living organisms in Ashby's determinist, mechanist terms. [2]
Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems with feedback, their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Cybernetics is relevant to the study of systems, such as mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social .
Biomedical cybernetics investigates signal processing, decision making and control structures in living organisms. Applications of this research field are in biology , ecology and health sciences .
At the intersection of systems biology, systems medicine and clinical applications it covers an emerging working program for the application of systems- and communication theory, connectionism and decision theory on biomedical research and health related questions.