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Transforming growth factor ([attribution needed], or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ. The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically related to one another, and they act through different receptor mechanisms .
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. [5] As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. [6] The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling.
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three [1] different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other signaling proteins. TGFB proteins are produced by all white blood cell lineages.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. In humans, TGF-β1 is encoded by the TGFB1 gene. [5] [6]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), formerly known as TNF-α, is a chemical messenger produced by the immune system that induces inflammation. [5] TNF is produced primarily by activated macrophages , and induces inflammation by binding to its receptors on other cells. [ 6 ]
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as erlotinib, lapatinib, and gefitinib, target epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) in cancer by blocking the activity of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). This show promise in modulating the tumor microenvironment, resulting in cancer regression.
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. [1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone .
In many cancer types, mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer. [6] Epidermal growth factor and its receptor was discovered by Stanley Cohen of Vanderbilt University. Cohen shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their discovery of growth factors.