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In special relativity the orthogonal complement is used to determine the simultaneous hyperplane at a point of a world line. The bilinear form used in Minkowski space determines a pseudo-Euclidean space of events. [5] The origin and all events on the light cone are self-orthogonal.
The nines' complement of a decimal digit is the number that must be added to it to produce 9; the nines' complement of 3 is 6, the nines' complement of 7 is 2, and so on, see table. To form the nines' complement of a larger number, each digit is replaced by its nines' complement. Consider the following subtraction problem:
If A is a set, then the absolute complement of A (or simply the complement of A) is the set of elements not in A (within a larger set that is implicitly defined). In other words, let U be a set that contains all the elements under study; if there is no need to mention U, either because it has been previously specified, or it is obvious and unique, then the absolute complement of A is the ...
The fact that the complement of a perfect graph is also perfect is the perfect graph theorem of László Lovász. [4] Cographs are defined as the graphs that can be built up from single vertices by disjoint union and complementation operations. They form a self-complementary family of graphs: the complement of any cograph is another different ...
Offset curves are important, for example, in numerically controlled machining, where they describe, for example, the shape of the cut made by a round cutting tool of a two-axis machine. The shape of the cut is offset from the trajectory of the cutter by a constant distance in the direction normal to the cutter trajectory at every point. [6]
Let be any system of smooth curves in , subdividing the plane into regions (connected components of the complement of ) all of which are bounded and have unit area. Then, averaged over large disks in the plane, the average length of Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } per unit area is at least as large as for the hexagon tiling.
Hasse diagram of a complemented lattice. A point p and a line l of the Fano plane are complements if and only if p does not lie on l.. In the mathematical discipline of order theory, a complemented lattice is a bounded lattice (with least element 0 and greatest element 1), in which every element a has a complement, i.e. an element b satisfying a ∨ b = 1 and a ∧ b = 0.
In mathematical logic, a literal is an atomic formula (also known as an atom or prime formula) or its negation. [1] [2] The definition mostly appears in proof theory (of classical logic), e.g. in conjunctive normal form and the method of resolution. Literals can be divided into two types: [2] A positive literal is just an atom (e.g., ).
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