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The other instrument is a Marvin sunshine recorder. Older recorders required a human observer to interpret the results; recorded results might differ among observers. Modern sunshine recorders use electronics and computers for precise data that do not depend on a human interpreter. Newer recorders can also measure the global and diffuse radiation.
Comparisons with automatic instruments at German stations revealed that during summer the differences of the two measurement systems can reach up to 4 h per day. The mean difference was −0.23 h, i.e. the measurements of the Campbell–Stokes recorder are larger than the automatic.
An astronomical instrument is a device for observing, measuring, or recording astronomical data. [ citation needed ] They are used in the scientific field of astronomy , a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos, with the object of explaining their origin and evolution over time.
Sunset provisions have been used extensively throughout legal history. [2] The idea of general sunset provisions was discussed extensively in the late 1970s. [3] Sunset clauses with an effective extension review process have been argued as a safeguard of democracy to ensure emergency provisions, such as state of emergency, remain temporary. [4]
Burt's solar compass or astronomical compass/sun compass is a surveying instrument that makes use of the Sun's direction instead of magnetism. William Austin Burt invented his solar compass in 1835. The solar compass works on the principle that the direction to the Sun at a specified time can be calculated if the position of the observer on the ...
The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous optical communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [2] Its main uses were military, surveying and forest protection work. Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Royal Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the ...
Actual sunset: Two minutes before the Sun disappears below the horizon. Sunset (or sundown) is the disappearance of the Sun at the end of the Sun path, below the horizon of the Earth (or any other astronomical object in the Solar System) due to its rotation.
A traditional barograph, without its protective case. A barograph is a barometer that records the barometric pressure over time in graphical form. This instrument is also used to make a continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.