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Chronic spontaneous urticaria, despite its cause being unknown, is linked to a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases, and is often worsened by triggers like stress, infections, certain foods, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The hives and angioedema seen in CSU is thought to be linked to the degranulation of skin mast cells.
Hives including chronic spontaneous hives can be a complication and symptom of a parasitic infection, such as blastocystosis and strongyloidiasis among others. [ 11 ] The rash that develops from poison ivy , poison oak , and poison sumac contact is commonly mistaken for urticaria.
However, the understanding of urticaria as an autoimmune condition is a relatively recent development in medical history. [14] The term autoimmune urticaria refers to a subset of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) cases where the immune system appears to play a significant role. This understanding began to evolve in the mid to late 20th ...
The first outbreak of urticaria can lead to other reactions on body parts not directly stimulated, scraped, or scratched. In a normal case, the swelling will decrease without treatment within 15–30 minutes, but, in extreme cases, itchy red welts may last anywhere from a few hours to days.
Remibrutinib is a small molecule drug that acts as a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor. It is in development for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria. [1] [2] In November 2023, Novartis announced that the compound "demonstrated clinically meaningful and statistically significant reduction in urticaria activity vs placebo" in a Phase III trial.
Physical urticaria is a distinct subgroup of urticaria (hives) that are induced by an exogenous physical stimulus rather than occurring spontaneously. [1] There are seven subcategories that are recognized as independent diseases. [2] [3] Physical urticaria is known to be painful, itchy and physically unappealing; it can recur for months to ...
Urticaria is a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance of wheals. Angioedema , which can occur alone or with urticaria, is characterized by a well-defined, edematous swelling that involves subcutaneous tissues, abdominal organs, and/or upper airway.
Ligelizumab (INN; development code QGE031) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of severe asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria. [1] It is an anti-IgE that binds to IGHE an acts as an immunomodulator. [2] [3] It is delivered as a subcutaneous biologic injection. [4] This drug was developed by Novartis Pharma AG.