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  2. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    Properties of isolated, closed, and open thermodynamic systems in exchanging energy and matter. A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics.

  3. Closed system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

    Properties of isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) but not matter, with its surroundings. An isolated system cannot exchange any heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an open system can exchange energy and matter.

  4. Open system (systems theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

    Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with its surroundings. An open system is a system that has external interactions. Such interactions can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary, depending on the discipline which defines the ...

  5. Closed system (control theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_(control_theory)

    The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design ...

  6. Isolated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system

    Properties of Isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following: a physical system so far removed from other systems that it does not interact with them. a thermodynamic system enclosed by rigid immovable walls through which neither mass nor energy can pass.

  7. Control loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_loop

    There are two common classes of control loop: open loop and closed loop. In an open-loop control system, the control action from the controller is independent of the process variable. An example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer. The control action is the switching on or off of the boiler.

  8. The Gap Between Open and Closed AI Models Might Be ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/gap-between-open-closed-ai-141710282...

    “A key difference between Meta and closed model providers is that selling access to AI models isn’t our business model,” Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote in an open letter in July. “We ...

  9. Breathing circuit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_circuit

    [1] [2] [3] However, there is no international standard for classifying breathing systems, and the terms "semi-open" and "semi-closed" may cause confusion in particular between US and British usage. [4] Strictly speaking, the term "circuit" is only accurate in the case of closed systems where the breathed gas completes a full circuit. [4]