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Augustine Volcano (Alaska) during its eruptive phase on January 24, 2006. A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism.
In his exploration of active volcanoes in Vanuatu, Indonesia (Mount Sinabung and Mount Merapi), Ethiopia , Iceland, and North Korea (Paektu Mountain), Herzog is led by volcanologist Clive Oppenheimer, who hopes to minimize destructive impact of volcanoes through his work. The primary goal of Herzog's quest is to get a better idea of our origins ...
5 Indonesia: 1586 [2] 6,000 Santa María: 6 Guatemala: 1902 1902 eruption of Santa María [3] 5,160 Kelud: 4 Indonesia: 1919 [2] 4,011 Mount Galunggung: 5 Indonesia: 1822 [4] 3,360 Mount Vesuvius: 5 Italy: 1631 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius: 3,000 Ritter Island: 2 Papua New Guinea: 1888 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami: 2,957 Mount ...
The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington, which ripped apart the volcano's summit, was a Plinian eruption of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 5. [ 3 ] The strongest types of eruptions, with a VEI of 8, are so-called "Ultra-Plinian" eruptions, such as the one at Lake Toba 74 thousand years ago, which put out 2800 times the material ...
On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and because most of Earth's plate boundaries are underwater, most volcanoes are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge , such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has ...
World map of active volcanoes and plate boundaries Kīlauea's lava entering the sea Lava flows at Holuhraun, Iceland, September 2014. An active volcano is a volcano that has erupted during the Holocene (the current geologic epoch that began approximately 11,700 years ago), is currently erupting, or has the potential to erupt in the future. [1]
A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, [1] the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles).
Compositional analysis has been very successful in the grouping of volcanoes by type, [9]: 274 origin of magma, [9]: 274 including matching of volcanoes to a mantle plume of a particular hotspot, mantle plume melting depths, [10] the history of recycled subducted crust, [9]: 302–3 matching of tephra deposits to each other and to volcanoes of ...