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This will give modified duration a numerical value close to the Macaulay duration (and equal when rates are continuously compounded). Formally, modified duration is a semi- elasticity , the percent change in price for a unit change in yield, rather than an elasticity , which is a percentage change in output for a percentage change in input.
The duration of an equity is a noisy analogue of the Macaulay duration of a bond, due to the variability and unpredictability of dividend payments. The duration of a stock or the stock market is implied rather than deterministic. Duration of the U.S. stock market as a whole, and most individual stocks within it, is many years to a few decades.
Therefore, increases in r must decrease the duration (or, in the case of zero-coupon bonds, leave the unmodified duration constant). [13] [14] Note that the modified duration D differs from the regular duration by the factor one over 1 + r (shown above), which also decreases as r is increased.
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The modified duration of a bond assumes that cash flows do not change in response to movements in the term structure, which is not the case for an MBS. For instance, when rates fall, the rate of prepayments will probably rise and the duration of the MBS will also fall, which is entirely the opposite behavior to a vanilla bond.
Formally, the duration gap is the difference between the duration - i.e. the average maturity - of assets and liabilities held by a financial entity. [3] A related approach is to see the "duration gap" as the difference in the price sensitivity of interest-yielding assets and the price sensitivity of liabilities (of the organization) to a change in market interest rates (yields).
This is equal to the Macaulay duration times the discount rate, or the modified duration times the interest rate. If the elasticity is below -1, or above 1 if the absolute value is used, the product of the two measures, value times yield or the interest income for the period will go down when the yield goes up.
Modified reserves are based on premiums which are not level by duration. Almost all modified reserves are intended to accumulate lower reserves in early policy years than they would under the net level premium method. This is to allow the issuer greater margins to pay for expenses which are usually very high in these years.